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The  Peace  of  the  World 


THE  BAHAI  LIBRARY  OF  CONSTRUCTIVE 
RELIGION 

The  Peace  of  the  World 

A  brief  treatise  upon  the  spiritual  teaching 

of  the  Bahai  Religion  with  particular 

regard  to  its  application  to  the  great 

problem,  now  before  the  nations, 

of  the  establishment  of  an 

enduring  world  peace. 


BY 

CHARLES  MASON  REMEY. 
1919 


(01 


Copyright,  1919. 
By  Charles  Mason  Remey. 


Distributed  by 
Bahai  Publishing  Society, 
P.  O.  Box  283,  Chicago,  111. 


OTHER  WORKS  BY  THE  AUTHOR 
OF  THIS  BOOKLET, 

"The  Bahai  Movement." 

"Observations  of  a  Bahai  Traveler." 

"Through  Warring  Countries  to  The  Moun- 
tain of  God." 

"Bahai  Teaching." 

"Constructive  Principles  of  the  Bahai  Move- 
ment." 

"The  Mashrak-el-Azkar." 

"The  Bahai  Revelation  and  Reconstruction." 


PREFACE. 


PREFACE. 

This  booklet,  compiled  from  previously 
published  Bahai  writings,  presents  no  teach- 
ings not  already  accessible  to  the  reading 
public.  It  is  merely  a  synthesis  of  the 
Bahai  constructive  peace  propaganda  as 
already  approved  and  set  forth  in  the  litera- 
ture of  this  movement. 

C.  M.  R., 

Washington,  D.  C., 
December  7,  1918. 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD. 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD. 

There  is  now  working  for  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  human  relations  a  philosophy,  a  re- 
ligious teaching,  known  as  the  "Bahai 
Movement."  The  object  of  this  movemeriT] 
is  to  further  the  spirit  of  universal  religion 
among  the  peoples  of  the  different  religions 
and  races,  both  Oriental  and  Occidental, 
and  to  form  a  common  ground  for  amicable 
international  relations  and  the  establish- 
ment of  world  peace. 

Many  readers  will  recall  the  early  history 
of  this  religion  in  connection  with  the  rise 
of  The  Bab*  in  Persia  three  quarters  of  a 
century  ago.  Through  the  teaching  of  this 
remarkable  and  unique  personage  a  move- 
ment was  inaugurated  which  has  encircled 
the  world,  and,  though  still  in  its  infancy 
and  not  vast  in  numbers,  it  is  already  at- 
tracting the  attention  of  students  of  com- 
parative religious  history.  The  Bab  her- 


*Bab  is  the  Persian  and  Arabic  word  for 
door  or  gate. 


14  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

aided  the  dawn  of  a  new  and  a  liberal  age  of 
religious  thought  which,  breaking  over  the 
Orient,  found  there  a  very  warm:  response 
among  the  people.  This  enthusiasm  was 
intensified  in  fervor  by  the  opposition  of 
the  Mohammedan  priesthood,  which  waxed 
hot  as  the  priests  saw  their  own  time-hon- 
ored religious  institutions  crumbling  and 
giving  way  before  the  new  doctrines  of  The 
Bab.  Under  the  most  severe  persecution 
at  the  hands  of  the  fanatical  Moslems  in 
Persia — The  Bab  Himself  and  twenty  or 
more  thousands  of  His  followers  died  rather 
than  deny  their  faith — a  spiritual  force  and 
vitality  was  generated  which  calls  to  mind 
a  similar  condition  during  the  early  days  of 
Christianity,  and  which  gave  rise  to  the 
proverbial  saying:  "The  blood  of  the  mar- 
tyrs is  the  seed  of  the  church." 

Shortly  after  the  martyrdom  of  The  Bab, 
the  principal  teacher  of  the  movement  ap- 
peared in  the  person  of  Baha'o'llah,  from 
Whose  name  the  Bahai  Cause  derives  its 
name.  Baha'o'llah  taught  for  forty  years, 
during  which  time  He  was  subjected  to  long 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  15 

exile,  imprisonment  and  suffering  instigated 
by  the  Mussulman  clergy.  Under  the  in- 
fluence of  His  teaching,  as  with  The  Bab 
before  Him,  these  priests  saw  their  power 
continuing  to  wane :  therefore  their  decided 
opposition.  The  inevitable  result  was,  how- 
ever, that  under  this  opposition  the  zealous 
Bahais  spread  their  propaganda  more  ef- 
fectually than  before  and  their  cause  grew 
in  strength  and  numbers.  During  forty 
years  Baha'o'llah  stood  forth  as  a  spiritual 
leader  and  teacher.  He  was  imprisoned, 
and  then  sent  out  from  His  own  country, 
an  exile,  to  Baghdad  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  then 
to  Constantinople,  and  to  Adrianople,  and 
lastly  to  the  prison  fortress  of  Akka  in  Syria, 
where  He  spent  the  last  twenty-four  years 
of  His  life  as  a  religious  exile,  guilty,  ac- 
cording to  the  Moslem  law,  of  heresy. 

Upon  the  death  of  Baha'o'llah  in  the 
Spring  of  1892,  His  son  Abbas,  more  widely 
known  as  "Abdul  Baha,"  became  the  central 
figure  of  the  movement.  Abdul  Baha  was 
held  a  prisoner  by  the  Turks  for  a  total  of 
forty  years  in  the  prison  fortress  of  Akka. 


16  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

These  Ottomans  considered  his  teachings 
treasonable  on  account  of  their  being  more 
radical  in  spirit  than  allowed  by  their  own 
religious  views.  However,  he  was  freed 
from  his  years  of  exiled  imprisonment  when 
the  Young  Turks  came  into  power  in  the 
Summer  of  1908. 

During  the  past  five  years  of  war  Abdul 
Baha  has  been  in  the  Holy  Land.  Recent 
telegraphic  reports  from  the  advancing 
British  army  in  Palestine  announce  that  he 
is  safe  and  living  in  his  home  on  Mount 
Carmel,  surrounded  by  a  group  of  followers. 
In  a  recent  letter  written  to  friends  in 
Teheran,  Persia,  Abdul  Baha  portrays  the 
present  condition  in  Palestine  in  the  follow- 
ing terms:  "It  has  been  a  long  time  since 
the  thread  of  correspondence  has  been  en- 
tirely broken  and  the  hearts  (of  the  people 
here)  have  been  affected  with  sorrow  and 
agitation.  Now  praise  be  to  God  that  in 
these  days,  through  divine  favor,  the  black 
clouds  are  dispersed  and  the  light  of  com- 
posure and  tranquillity  has  enlightened  this 
region,  and  the  tyrannous  (Turkish)  gov- 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  17 

ernment  is  done  away  with  and  followed  by 
a  just  (British)  administration.  All  the 
people  have  been  delivered  from  the  most 
great  hardships  and  the  most  difficult  af- 
flictions. In  this  huge  tempest  and  violent 
revolution,  in  which  all  nations  of  the  world 
were  caught  and  were  involved  in  dire  ca- 
lamity, cities  were  destroyed,  souls  were 
slaughtered,  properties  were  pillaged  and 
taken  as  booty,  the  cries  and  lamentations 
of  the  helpless  ones  were  raised  from  every 
prominent  spot,  and  the  tears  fell  from  the 
eyes  of  the  orphans  like  a  flowing  torrent 
in  all  the  oppressed  countries.  *  *  *  It 
has  meanwhile  become  evident  that  the  holy 
teachings  of  His  Holiness  Baha'o'llah  are 
the  cause  of  the  comfort  and  illumination 
of  the  world  of  humanity.  In  the  Tablets 
(letters  of  BahaVllah)  the  justice  and  the 
administrative  sagacity  of  the  government 
of  England  have  been  repeatedly  dwelt  upon 
(in  the  Bahai  writings),  and  now  it  has  be- 
come clear  that  in  reality  the  inhabitants  of 
this  country  after  untold  sufferings  have  at- 
tained to  composure  and  security."* 

^Translated  from  the  Persian. 


18  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

It  will  be  recalled  by  some  people  that 
after  his  freedom  Abdul  Baha  in  1912  visited 
America,  where  in  various  cities  and  towns 
he  delivered  addresses  explaining  the  Bahai 
principles  and  their  application  to  the  pres- 
ent-day religious,  social,  and  economic 
needs  of  humanity.  Even  up  to  so  short  a 
time  as  six  years  ago  the  universality  of  the 
philosophy  taught  by  Abdul  Baha  was  re- 
garded by  many  people  as  far  too  great  a 
step  for  them  to  take  from  their  own  well 
known  particular  and  familiar  religious  phil- 
osophies into  the  unexplored  universal 
realm  of  religious  thinking.  But  the  present 
general  thinking  world  can,  with  a  quick- 
ened religious  perception,  look  back  and 
see  the  potency  of  Abdul  Baha's  teaching, 
now  realizing  that  he  with  his  message  was 
in  some  ways  simply  ahead  of  and  beyond 
the  understanding  of  the  general  prevailing 
world  of  thought  of  but  six  years  ago.  How- 
ever, that  time  has  passed  and  humanity  is 
now  more  awake  than  ever  before  to  the 
vital  principles  of  progress  and  civilization. 

The  natural  tendency  of  man  is  to  remain 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  19 

in  his  own  particular  groove  of  religious 
feeling  and  thought  until  compelled  to  give 
this  up  by  conditions  and  forces  outside  oi 
himself.  These  years  of  war  have  witnessed 
great  changes  in  the  ideals  of  the  world,  and 
in  no  phase  of  life  is  this  change  more  man- 
ifest than  in  religious  thought  and  feeling. 
Through  bloodshed  and  calamity  peoples  of 
different  classes,  nations,  races  and  creeds 
have  been  thrown  together  into  an  intimate 
contact  upon  so  vast  a  scale  as  to  be  quite 
without  parallel  in  the  pages  of  history,  the 
intense  hardships  and  sufferings  freeing 
multitudes  of  hearts  and  minds  from  many 
time-honored  superstitions  and  imagina- 
tions which  composed  the  outer  shell  or 
form  of  religion.  While  men  are  thus  being 
torn  away  from  former  religious  limitations 
through  the  destruction  of  their  mental 
fetiches — found  to  be  untenable  under  the 
present  every-day  conditions  of  life — a  spirit 
within  the  deep  religious  nature  of  the 
masses  has  been  aroused,  a  something 
which  is  causing  them  to  realize  a  condition 
of  spiritual  paucity  upon  their  part,  and  of 


20  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

bewilderment,  as  they  vainly  attempt  to 
adjust  their  religious  ideas  to  the  new  world 
psychology  into  which  they  have  been 
hurled.  It  is,  therefore,  not  surprising  that 
people  in  general  should  be  realizing,  and 
acknowledging,  themselves  to  be  facing  a 
new  day  of  religious  reality.  Only  the  other 
day  the  writer,  in  conversation  with  a  group 
of  soldiers,  heard  one  say:  "Religion  will 
never  be  the  same  after  the  war  as  it  was 
before,"  whereupon  another  soldier  respond- 
ed with  a  confirmatory  remark,  while  still 
another  man  in  khaki  bore  witness  to  the 
thought  with  testimonials  from  his  own  ex- 
perience and  that  of  comrades  in  the 
trenches. 

The  influence  of  religion  as  a  constructive 
force  as  well  as  a  destructive  force  is  very 
clearly  seen  in  past  history.  Certain  funda- 
mentally true  religious  doctrines  and  fra- 
ternal sentiments  have  united  peoples  and 
have  been  the  foundation  movements  of  pro- 
gressive civilization,  while  upon  the  other 
hand  superstitious  religious  teachings  and 
prejudices  taught  by  religious  leaders  and 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  21 

preachers  have  had  much  to  do  with  the 
bringing  about  of  wars.  Search  the  pages 
of  history.  The  student  will  find  that  but 
few  wars  have  been  brought  about  quite 
independently  of  the  clergy,  who  exert  such 
an  influence  upon  humanity  and  direct  to 
so  great  an  extent  the  destinies  of  men.  In 
the  war  now  finishing  the  religious  leaders 
in  the  various  countries  have  exercised  so 
great  an  influence  for  the  stimulation  of  the 
war  valor  that  the  power  which  they  held 
has  been  recognized  by  the  governments 
and  to  a  considerable  extent  has  been  used 
to  rally  the  people  and  to  arouse  their  patri- 
otism. 

As  religion  has  played  so  important  a 
part  and  exerted  such  a  strong  influence  in 
the  formation  of  the  policies  and  ideals  of 
nations,  it  is  timely  that  the  world  should 
now  begin  to  consider  what  religion  may 
have  to  offer  toward  the  great  international 
problems  which  now  confront  the  nations — 
what  constructive  influence  it  can  exert  in 
establishing  more  cordial  relations  and  a 
better  understanding  and  sympathy  be- 


22  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

tween  peoples  of  the  different  civilizations 
and  races  from  which  the  new  great  uni- 
versal world  civilization  is  to  arise,  and  in 
extending  its  protecting  justice  and  peace 
to  all  the  peoples  and  countries  of  the  world, 
both  large  and  small. 

The  Bahai  Movement  is  promulgating  a 
series  of  teachings  and  principles,  economic 
and  social,  calculated  to  form  a  basis  of  re- 
ligious philosophy  which  will  meet  this  pres- 
ent demand  for  a  universal  religion  suited 
to  the  needs  of  all  peoples  of  the  world. 
The  natural  trend  of  the  thought  of  the 
world  is  now  so  strong  for  many  of  these 
progressive  principles  and  doctrines  that  it 
will  be  of  interest  to  spiritually-minded 
people  of  broad  outlook  to  know  something 
of  the  constructive  international  peace  pol- 
icy of  this  comparatively  new  religious 
cause  which,  coming  from  the  Orient,  is 
now  becoming  known  in  the  Western 
world. 

The  universal  problem  now  in  the  minds 
of  people  is  this:  Is  humanity  to  continue 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  23 

indefinitely  this  struggle  between  nations, 
with  its  seasons  of  war  separated  by  longer 
or  shorter  periods  of  so-called  peace,  during 
which  the  nations  are  recuperating  and  re- 
newing their  engines  of  destruction  in  order 
to  again  enter  into  open  conflict,  destroying 
that  which  has  taken  years  of  labor  to  con- 
struct. Or  has  the  time  not  come  for  a  change 
from  this  archaic  system  of  destruction  to 
one  of  justice,  co-operation,  and  construc- 
tion between  the  nations — a  system  con- 
ducive to  peace?  Upon  this  question  the 
world  is  now  divided.  On  the  one  hand  are 
the  extreme  militarists,  who  hold  that  the 
peace  and  prosperity  of  the  nations  can  only 
be  guaranteed  by  developing  and  maintain- 
ing the  military  strength  of  the  individual 
nation,  that  the  world  progresses  through 
military  valor,  and  that  peace  is  devitalizing 
to  a  nation,  and  that  without  war  a  nation 
becomes  effeminate  and  decadent!  Then, 
upon  the  other  hand,  there  are  those  who 
hold  a  view  quite  opposite  to  that  of  the 
militarists;  namely,  that  peace  and  co-oper- 
ation— not  military  conflict  and  destruction 


24  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

— are  the  conditions  under  which  the  high- 
est virtues  of  man  appear  and  develop! 

World  conditions  in  this  twentieth  cen- 
tury are  not  what  they  were  in  past  epochs. 
In  the  present  time,  through  travel,  com- 
munication, and  commerce  the  interde- 
pendence of  peoples  and  nations  has  be- 
come a  recognized  factor,  heretofore  com- 
paratively insignificant,  which  now  has  to 
be  considered  by  the  world.  In  primitive 
times  in  sparsely  populated  countries,  where 
families  were  separated  by  distances,  in- 
dividual feuds,  quarrels  and  warfare  were 
the  rule.  But  as  the  lands  filled  up,  cities 
were  formed,  and  families  lived  in  closer  con- 
tact one  with  another;  conditions  changed 
and  became  so  modified  that  co-operation 
between  individuals  became  necessary  and 
conducive  to  the  best  good  of  all.  When 
the  majority  of  the  people  in  a  land  wanted 
law  and  order,  they  established  it,  and,  with 
an  adequate  police  force,  order  was  forced 
upon  the  disorderly  members  of  society. 
In  this  way  life  was  made  safe  for  the  mass 
of  the  people.  In  other  words,  conditions 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  25 

had  changed — it  no  longer  being  possible 
for  one  man  to  enrich  himself  at  the  ex- 
pense of  his  neighbor  through  pillage  and 
theft — men  had  begun  to  co-operate.  In 
this  new  state  of  interdependence  each 
found  his  horizon  of  life  enlarged  and  his 
scope  for  development  increased. 

From  the  material  standpoint  a  parallel 
may  here  be  drawn  between  the  develop- 
ment of  peace  between  families  and  peace 
between  nations.  In  past  epochs  nations 
and  peoples  were  separated  by  geographic 
boundaries,  not  easily  surmountable.  In 
those  days  it  was  possible  for  the  people  of 
one  country  to  invade  the  territory  of  an- 
other nation  and  enrich  themselves  by 
carrying  off  booty  and  plunder,  often  in  the 
form  of  bullion  and  slaves,  and  thus  from 
the  material  standpoint  prosper  through 
war.  But  in  this  day  those  ancient  conditions 
no  longer  exist.  Nations  are  now  so  de- 
pendent upon  one  another  for  finances,  food- 
stuffs, and  supplies  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as 
for  the  output  of  their  own  products,  that 
their  welfare  and  prosperity  no  longer  de- 


26  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

pend  upon  war  but  upon  peace,  no  longer 
upon  conquest,  but  upon  co-operation  with 
neighboring  nations. 

In  this  present  time  nations  lose  far  more 
through  war  than  they  can  possibly  gain. 
A  nation  now  at  war,  after  gaining  an  over- 
whelming victory  over  an  adversary,  finds 
it  quite  impossible  to  exact  sufficient  tribute 
to  recompense  it  for  the  material  outlay, 
the  loss  of  life,  and  the  jmany  terrible  after- 
effects of  war  which  it  suffers.  Thus  war 
has  become  a  losing  proposition,  one 
doomed  to  loss  even  before  entered  upon. 

This  interdependence  of  nations  and  peo- 
ples is  a  new  phase  of  world  progress,  which 
now  for  the  first  time  needs  to  be  reckoned 
with  in  dealing  with  international  and  mili- 
tary matters.  The  development  of  national 
military  power  and  preparedness  for  war, 
so  fervently  advocated  by  many  as  a  na- 
tional protection  and  means  for  peace,  in- 
stead of  making  for  peace  has  quite  the 
opposite  effect,  for  it  makes  for  war.  A 
standing  army  and  a  large  and  increasing 
navy  is  not  only  a  great  economic  drain 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  27 

upon  a  people,  but  such  a  system  in  itself 
keeps  alive  the  spirit  of  war.  It  tends  to 
make  a  people  proud  and  overbearing,  and 
furthers  the  spirit  of  fear  and  hatred  be- 
tween peoples,  races,  and  nations,  thus 
psychologically  laying  the  foundation  for 
strife  through  the  mental  and  moral  de- 
structive influences.  The  system  of  mili- 
tarism keeps  the  spirit  of  war  alive,  keeps 
the  people  in  training  for  war,  and  places 
in  their  hands  ready  for  use  at  all  times  the 
engines  and  instruments  of  destruction, 
thus  making  war  possible  at  short  notice 
and  with  little  provocation.  It  is  a  recog- 
nized fact  that  with  a  large  and  a  growing 
armament  and  a  standing  army  in  training 
for  war  the  time  comes  when  the  people 
want  to  fight,  and  when  a  people  wants  war, 
like  individuals  under  the  power  of  the  same 
warlike  thought,  sooner  or  later  a  pretext 
will  be  found  and  they  will  fight.  Thus  the 
means  of  war  can  be  said  to  have  become 
a  cause  for  war,  because  these  means  exert 
both  a  conscious  and  an  unconscious  influ- 
ence for  conflict,  increasing  hatred  between 


28  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

nations  and  races,  all  of  which  must  be  con- 
sidered as  fundamental  elements  in  the 
general  psychology  of  war,  which  psy- 
chology is  the  real  underlying  cause  of  wars 
of  aggression. 

The  Bahai  Religion  teaches  that  in  order 
to  abolish  the  causes  of  war  a  blow  must  be 
struck  at  all  hatred  and  enmity  between 
classes,  races,  nations  and  religions,  and  at 
the  greed  and  avarice  inherent  in  savage 
man.  These  disturbing  causes  are  at  root 
in  the  soul  of  man.  As  the  actions  of 
peoples  as  well  as  of  individuals  are  but  the 
reflection  of  their  thought  and  ideals,  action 
— national  as  well  as  individual — can  be 
traced  jbaqk  to  the  general  and  personal 
thought  of  the  people.  The  power  of 
thought  is  a  greater  element  in  life  than 
material  considerations,  greater  than  most 
people  realize,  for  the  actions  of  people  are 
ruled  by  the  power  of  their  sentiments, 
thoughts,  affections  and  prejudices  more 
than  by  their  material  desires. 

The  causes  of  this  recent  world  war  were 
national  aggrandizement  and  prejudice, 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  29 

pride,  hatred  and  fear,  as  well  as  greed,  all 
of  which  causes  have  their  root  in  the  soul 
of  man  and  arise  through  a  lack  of  spiritual 
assurance,  poise  and  development.  Abdul 
Baha  teaches  that  peace  can  only  be  per- 
manently established  by  emancipating  the 
world  from  this  obession  of  war  thought, 
by  freeing  the  people  from  greed,  fear,  desire 
of  aggression,  and  from  racial,  national  and 
religious  prejudice,  all  of  whicli  cause  strife 
between  the  nations.  Because  of  this  re- 
cent war  the  thinking  public  is  alive  to  the 
need  of  this  day,  and  realizes  that  the  ques- 
tion of  maintaining  a  lasting  peace  is  by  far 
the  most  important  issue  at  present  before 
the  world.  The  real  inner  peace  cannot  be 
objectively  forced  upon  a  people  or  peoples. 
It  cannot  come  from  without.  It  must  be 
born  in  a  people,  spiritually  and  psychologi- 
cally, before  it  begins  to  be  manifest  in  their 
civic  and  national  life.  And  now  the  ques- 
tion is:  How  is  this  inner  change  to  be 
accomplished?  How  are  prejudice,  hate, 
and  materialism  to  be  overcome?  The 
Bahais  meet  this  question  with  a  positive 


30  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

teaching  in  word  and  deed  of  the  di- 
vine love  principle  of  true  religion.  The 
Bahai  Movement  heralds  the  universal  re- 
ligious cause  of  this  new  age.  It  stands  for 
the  oneness  in  spirit  and  in  deed  of  all 
peoples  of  all  religions,  races  and  nations. 
It  therefore  deals  directly  and  indirectly 
with  the  many  attending  human  problems. 
In  the  problem  of  international  peace  the 
Bahai  teaching  holds  aloft  a  high  spiritual 
ideal  which  must  be  realized  in  deeds  and 
actions.  "These  are  the  days  of  faith  and 
deeds,  not  the  days  of  words  and  lip  ser- 
vice." "The  effects  of  deeds  is  in  truth 
more  powerful  than  that  of  words."  "Deeds 
reveal  the  station  of  the  man."  Such  are 
its  maxims.  Therefore,  the  ideal  of  peace 
upon  earth  is  advanced  not  as  an  ethereal 
dream  never  to  be  realized  in  this  world, 
but  this  ideal  is  made  practical  by  the  re- 
lated international  reforms  and  institutions 
for  which  the  Bahais  stand,  and  through 
the  founding  of  which  they  believe  that  war 
and  strife  will  cease  and  a  constructive  sys- 
tem of  co-operation  will  take  the  place  of 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  31 

the  present  and  past  discord  and  hatred 
between  nations. 

The  Bahai  Cause  teaches  that  brotherly 
love  is  the  means  through  which  the  true 
civilization  of  humanity  will  be  realized. 
Prejudice  and  hatred,  whether  between 
peoples  of  different  classes,  nations,  races 
or  religions,  are  destructive  factors  in  the 
world,  and  are  the  cause  of  the  retrogression 
of  the  race.  Therefore,  the  followers  of  the 
Bahai  Movement,  in  order  firmly  to  lay  a 
foundation  for  human  solidarity,  are  doing 
their  utmost  to  destroy  these  various  forms 
of  animosity  and  prejudice  by  striving  to 
implant  in  the  hearts  of  people  the  princi- 
ples of  the  love  of  humanity. 

Pure  religious  truth  is  in  perfect  harmony 
with  the  reason  and  the  science  of  the  age, 
before  whose  light  the  superstitions  and  im- 
aginations which  have  come  down  from  the 
past  are  dispelled.  In  the  Bahai  teaching  all 
men  are  exhorted  to  investigate,  each  for 
himself,  the  realities  of  religion,  accepting 
nothing  through  tradition  or  hearsay.  Thus 
by  a  careful  search  for  the  reality  under- 


32  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

lying  all  religions,  through  the  light  of  this 
present-day  teaching,  the  fundamental  one- 
ness of  all  religions  will  be  understood. 
This  is  the  foundation  of  the  universal  re- 
ligious ideal,  from  which  is  growing  the  new 
order  of  a  universal  spirit  of  faith  which  is 
the  mainspring  of  the  coming  great  uni- 
versal civilization  of  mankind.  Along  with 
these  high  spiritual  ideals  must  com/e  their 
expression  in  daily  life  and  material  mat- 
ters. Children  of  both  sexes  must  be  edu- 
cated and  trained,  women  must  be  given 
equal  rights  with  men,  and  means  must  be 
devised  so  that  neither  individuals  nor 
classes  of  individuals  shall  be  deprived  of 
their  just  portion  of  the  fruits  and  material 
blessings  of  the  earth.  These  reforms  can 
only  come  about,  and  this  millennial  state 
of  humanity  can  only  be  attained,  through 
establishing  in  the  heart  of  humanity  the 
true  spirit  of  religion.  This  is  true  civiliza- 
tion, for  true  civilization  follows  true  re- 
ligion and  is  produced  by  it.  True  religion, 
morality,  and  their  accompanying  high 
ideals,  have  always  gone  hand  in  hand  with 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  33 

human  uplift  and  progress ;  and,  conversely, 
in  times  when  irreligion  and  immorality 
have  prevailed,  with  their  inevitable  lower- 
ing of  all  ideals,  nations  have  retograded, 
civilization  has  fallen  and  decayed,  and  the 
people  have  been  in  manifest  loss. 

In  reading  even  this  brief  sketch  of  some 
of  the  Bahai  principles  it  will  be  seen  that 
each  of  the  factors  is  a  necessary  element 
and  a  part  of  the  real  peace  and  prosperity 
of  the  world,  so  that  the  doctrine  of  univer- 
sal peace  very  properly  belongs  in  the  Bahai 
philosophy  and  is  one  of  its  most  important 
principles.  BahaVllah,  the  principal 
founder  of  this  cause  said :  "Let  not  a  man 
glory  that  he  loves  his  country,  but  rather 
let  him  glory  that  he  loves  his  kind,"  and  in 
speaking  of  this  cause  He  is  reported  as 
saying:  "We  desire  but  the  good  of  the 
world  and  the  happiness  of  the  nations ;  that 
all  nations  shall  become  one  in  faith,  and  all 
men  as  brothers ;  that  the  bonds  of  affection 
and  unity  between  the  sons  of  men  shall  be 
strengthened;  that  diversity  of  religion 
shall  cease,  and  differences  of  race  be  an- 


34  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

nulled.  So  it  shall  be.  These  fruitless  strifes, 
these  ruinous  wars  shall  pass  away,  and  the 
Most  Great  Peace  shall  come." 

In  the  writings  of  Baha'o'llah  and  of  His 
son,  Abdul  Baha,  are  numerous  treatises  re- 
garding peace  and  unity,  all  of  which  taken 
together  form  the  teaching  and  the  attitude 
of  the  movement  toward  this  subject,  nor  is 
the  teaching  indirect  and  vague  in  the  meth- 
ods it  advances  for  the  establishment  of  har- 
mony between  nations.  The  nations  should 
come  together  and  establish  an  international 
court  of  arbitration,  supporting  and  enforc- 
ing its  international  decisions.  Besides 
military  forces  in  each  country  sufficient  to 
maintain  national  order,  an  international 
police  force  should  be  instituted  in  order 
to  enforce  the  just  decrees  of  the  interna- 
tional court  of  arbitration,  so  that  if  one 
nation  should  threaten  the  peace  and  tran- 
quillity of  the  world  it  could  be  forced  into 
line  with  the  others  without  the  horrors  of 
a  prolonged  war.  Such  measures,  together 
with  the  strict  neutrality  of  those  nations 
not  implicated  in  the  international  dispute, 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  35 

and  their  refusal  to  send  either  munitions 
of  war  or  lend  financial  aid  to  belligerent 
nations,  would  very  shortly  do  away  with 
the  possibility  of  war  from  a  material  stand- 
point. The  constructive  teaching  of  peace 
principles  and  true  religion  is  slowly  but 
surely  eradicating  the  war  thought  from  the 
minds  of  men. 

While  the  Bahai  Religion  teaches  these 
peace  principles,  it  also  teaches  that  vicious 
maruders  must  be  restrained  by  force,  and 
the  weak  and  innocent  must  be  protected; 
nevertheless,  the  power  which  will  bring 
about  a  real,  fundamental  and  a  lasting  peace 
must  be  a  spiritual  power  which  will  strike 
at  and  overcome  the  root  or  the  primal 
cause  of  war. 

About  forty  years  ago  a  book  was  written 
by  one  who  was  under  the  training  of 
Baha'o'llah,  one  who  was  prominent  in  the 
Bahai  Cause  as  a  teacher  and  a  philosopher. 
This  work  was  published  under  the  title  of 
"The  Mysterious  Forces  of  Civilization," 
and  is  an  exposition  of  Bahai  thought  and 
ideals  relative  to  both  national  and  interna- 


36  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

tional  affairs.  Although  at  that  time  the  at- 
tention of  the  world  in  general  had  not  been 
called  to  arbitration  and  universal  peace, 
nevertheless,  even  more  than  twenty  years 
prior  to  that  date  BahaVllah  was  laying  the 
foundation  of  His  religion  for  world  concila- 
tion.  The  following  excerpt  from  the  book 
in  question  mentions  arbitration  backed  up 
by  a  limited  military  force  as  an  institution 
through  which  war  may  be  eliminated : 

"Yea,  the  true  civilization  will  raise  its 
banner  in  the  center  of  the  world,  when 
some  noble  kings  of  high  ambitions,  the 
bright  suns  of  the  world  of  humanitarian 
enthusiasm  shall,  for  the  good  and  happi- 
ness of  all  the  human  race  step  forth  with 
firm  resolution  and  keen  strength  of  mind 
and  hold  a  conference  on  the  question  of 
universal  peace ;  when,  keeping  fast  hold  of 
the  means  of  enforcing  their  views  they 
shall  establish  a  union  of  the  states  of  the 
world,  and  conclude  a  definite  treaty  and 
strict  alliance  between  them  upon  conditions 
not  to  be  evaded.  When  the  whole  human 
race  should  have  been  consulted  through 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  37 

their  representatives  and  invited  to  corrobo- 
rate this  treaty,  which  verily  should  be  a 
treaty  of  universal  peace  and  would  be  ac- 
counted sacred  by  all  the  peoples  of  the 
earth,  it  would  be  the  duty  of  the  united 
powers  of  the  world  to  see  that  this  great 
treaty  should  be  strengthened  and  should 
endure. 

"In  such  a  universal  treaty  the  limits  of 
the  borders  and  boundaries  of  every  state 
should  be  fixed,  and  the  customs  and  laws 
of  every  government.  All  the  agreements 
and  the  affairs  of  state,  and  the  arrange- 
ments between  the  various  governments, 
should  be  propounded  and  settled  in  due 
form.  The  size  of  the  armaments  for  each 
government  should  likewise  be  definitely 
agreed  upon;  because,  if  in  the  case  of  any 
state  there  were  to  be  an  increase  in  the 
preparation  forlvar,  it  would  be  a  cause  of 
alarm  to  the  other  states.  At  any  rate,  the 
basis  of  this  powerful  alliance  should  be  so 
fixed  that,  if  any  of  the  states  afterward 
broke  any  of  the  articles  of  it  the  rest  of  the 
nations  of  the  world  would  rise  up  and  de- 


38  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

stroy  it.  Yea,  the  whole  human  race  would 
band  its  forces  together  to  exterminate  it. 
"If  so  great  a  remedy  should  be  applied 
to  the  sick  body  of  the  world,  it  would  cer- 
tainly be  the  means  of  continually  and  per- 
manently healing  its  illness  by  the  incula- 
tion  of  universal  moderation.  Reflect  that, 
under  such  conditions  of  life,  no  govern- 
ment or  kingdom  would  need  to  prepare  and 
accumulate  war  materials,  or  would  need  to 
pay  heed  to  the  invention  of  new  weapons 
of  offense  for  the  vexation  and  hurt  of  man- 
kind. On  the  contrary,  they  would  require 
a  few  soldiers  as  a  means  of  assuring  the 
safety  of  the  state  and  punishing  the  wicked 
and  rebellious  and  preventing  the  growth  of 
civil  sedition.  Not  more  than  these  few 
would  be  needed.  In  the  first  place,  there- 
fore, the  servants  of  God,  that  is  to  say,  all 
the  inhabitants  of  a  state,  would  be  freed 
from  bearing  the  burden  of  the  tremendous 
expense  of  an  army.  In  the  second  place, 
the  many  persons  who  now  devote  their 
lives  to  the  invention  of  instruments  of  war 
would  no  longer  waste  their  time  upon  such 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  39 

work,  which  only  encourages  ferocity  and 
blood-thirstiness,  and  is  repugnant  to  the 
universal  ideal  of  humanty.  On  the  con- 
trary, they  would  then  employ  their  natural 
gifts  in  the  cause  of  the  general  well-being, 
and  would  contribute  towards  the  peace  and 
salvation  of  mankind.  All  the  rulers  of  the 
world  would  then  be  settled  on  peaceful 
thrones  amid  the  glory  of  a  perfect  civiliza- 
tion, and  all  the  nations  and  peoples  would 
rest  in  the  cradle  of  peace  and  comfort. 

"Some  persons  who  are  ignorant  of  the 
world  of  true  humanity  and  its  high  ambi- 
tions for  the  general  good  reckon  such  a 
glorious  condition  of  life  to  be  very  difficult ; 
nay,  rather  impossible  to  compass,  but  it  is 
not  so.  Far  from  it,  for,  by  the  grace  of 
God,  and  by  the  testimony  of  the  Beloved 
(those  near  to  the  threshold  of  the  Creator) 
and  by  the  incomparably  high  ambitions  of 
the  souls  that  are  perfect,  and  the  thoughts 
and  opinions  of  the  wisest  men  of  the  age, 
there  never  has  been  and  is  not  now  any- 
thing improbable  and  impossible  in  exist- 
ence. What  are  required  are  the  most  re- 


40  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

solved  determination  and  the  most  ardent 
enthusiasm.  How  many  things,  which  in 
ancient  times  were  regarded  as  impossibili- 
ties, of  such  a  kind  that  the  intellect  could 
hardly  conceive  them,  we  now  perceive  to 
have  become  quite  simple  and  easy.  Why 
then  should  this  great  and  important  matter 
of  universal  peace,  which  is  verily  the  sun 
amongst  the  lights  of  civilization,  the  cause 
of  honor,  freedom,  and  salvation  for  all,  be 
considered  as  something  improbable  of 
realization. 

"It  is  evident  that  the  honor  and  great- 
ness of  man  have  not  arisen  through  blood- 
thirstiness,  the  destruction  of  cities  and 
kingdoms,  and  the  ruining  and  murdering 
of  armies  and  peoples.  On  the  contrary, 
the  cause  of  high-mindedness  and  prosperity 
is  based  upon  the  cherishing  of  justice  and 
the  sympathy  with  one's  fellow  citizens,  from 
the  highest  to  the  lowest,  upon  building  up 
the  kingdom,  the  cities  and  villages,  the  su- 
burbs and  the  country,  and  upon  the  free- 
dom and  quiet  of  the  servants  of  God  in  lay- 
ing down  the  foundation  of  the  principles 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  41 

of  progress,  and  in  the  extension  of  the  com- 
mon weal,  the  increase  of  wealth  and  gen- 
eral prosperity.  Reflect  how  many  world- 
subduing  kings  have  sat  on  thrones  as  con- 
querers.  For  example,  Halakoo  Khan, 
Ameer  Taimoor  Koorkan,  who  subjugated 
the  great  continent  of  Asia;  Alexander  the 
Macedonian,  and  Napoleon  the  First,  who 
stretched  the  hand  of  tyranny  over  three  of 
the  five  continents  of  the  world.  What  ad- 
vantages have  resulted  from  these  vast  con- 
quests? Was  any  kingdom  established,  or 
was  there  any  gain  of  happiness?  Was  any 
dynasty  permanently  settled  thereby,  or  did 
it  mean  merely  the  ending  of  the  reign  of 
one  particular  dynasty?  The  only  result 
produced  by  the  world-conquering  opera- 
tions of  Halakoo  and  Jenghiz,  provoking 
war  on  all  sides,  was  that  the  continent  of 
Asia  became  like  a  heap  of  ashes  beneath 
the  blaze  of  their  terrible  conflagration. 
The  only  outcome  of  the  great  conquest  of 
Alexander  the  Macedonian  was  the  fall  of 
his  sun  from  his  throne  as  a  ruler,  and  the 
passing  of  his  dominion  into  the  hands  of 


42  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

Cassander,  Seleucus,  Ptolemy,  and  Lysima- 
chus.  Napoleon  the  First  found  no  benefit 
in  his  victories  over  the  kings  of  Europe, 
but  he  ruined  well  constituted  kingdoms  and 
well  cultivated  countries.  He  destroyed 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  mien,  terrorized 
and  intimidated  the  whole  continent  of 
Europe,  and  ended  his  life  in  a  wretched 
captivity.  Such  were  the  results  left  be- 
hind them  by  these  kings  and  their  huge 
conquests." 

As  one  studies  deeply  into  the  spirit  and 
philosophy  of  the  Bahai  Religion,  one  is  im- 
pressed with  its  similarity  to  the  principles 
of  the  teachings  of  Christ.  Christ  advocated 
peace,  but  during  these  nineteen  centuries 
there  has  been  no  peace  between  men  be- 
cause that  spirit  of  peace  has  not  become  a 
reality  between  nations,  yet  we  are  told  that 
the  stone  which  was  rejected  by  the  build- 
ers would  become  the  chief  corner  stone  of 
the  temple.  Many  isolated  experiences  of 
individuals  prove  that  the  Christian  philoso- 
phy of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount  can  be  ap- 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  43 

plied  with  success  in  one's  individual  rela- 
tions with  others,  and  yet  until  now  the 
nations  as  nations  have  rejected  the  actual 
practice  of  this  philosophy  as  being  unsuited 
to  their  methods  of  solving  international 
problems.  At  this  point  attention  is  directed 
to  the  working  philosophy  of  the  Bahais, 
which  provides  a  safe  and  an  adequate  con- 
nection between  the  spiritual  ideals  of  re- 
ligion and  present  day  material  world  con- 
ditions; a  system  which  offers  a  practical 
solution  for  the  peace  of  nations,  and  one 
quite  possible  of  an  early  attainment  if  the 
nations  are  able  to  carry  out  these  high 
ideals  and  principles  and  bring  them  out 
from  the  realm  of  the  ideal  to  be  realized 
in  the  world. 

While  the  mere  cessation  of  open  hostili- 
ties on  the  fields  of  battle  in  Europe  has 
marked  one  great  epoch  of  peace,  the  world 
has  not  yet  attained  to  the  real  foundation 
of  a  lasting  peace.  This  lasting  world  peace 
cannot  come  until  internationl,  economic, 
and  social  justice  is  established,  and  not  be- 
fore the  psychological  causes  of  greed,  de- 


44  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

sire  for  national  aggrandizement  at  the  ex- 
pense of  other  nations,  hatred  and  animosity 
are  wiped  out  from  between  the  different 
classes,  nations,  races,  and  religions.  Suffer- 
ing humanity  will  surely  look  with  sym- 
pathy, with  broadness,  and  with  far  seeing 
vision  upon  a  religious  teaching  that  is  dif- 
fusing through  the  world  such  a  positive 
and  constructive  philosophy  for  the  rehabili- 
tation of  society  as  one  finds  being  promul- 
gated by  the  followers  of  this  movement. 

The  adherents  of  the  Bahai  teachings 
have  no  church  organization  or  form  of 
membership.  They  are  composed  of  people 
drawn  from  all  denominations,  sects  and  re- 
ligions who,  aroused  by  the  quickening  re- 
ligious spirit  of  this  present  age,  are  banded 
together  and  united  in  their  efforts  to  infuse 
into  all  humanity  these  progressive  religious 
ideals  which  they  believe  to  be  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  great  world  civiliza- 
tion that  is  evolving  as  the  spirit  of  interna- 
tionalism grows  and  peoples  and  nations 
arise  to  co-ordinate  in  all  their  activities, 
thus  forming  an  interdependent  federation 


THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD  45 

encompassing    the    entire    world    and    its 
people. 

Already  these  Bahai  ideals  are  finding  a 
warm  welcome  amongst  Jews  and  Christ- 
ians in  various  parts  of  the  Orient  and 
Occident,  as  well  as  among  the  more  pro- 
gressive Moslems  in  many  parts  of  the 
Eastern  world,  the  Hindus  and  Zoroastrians 
in  India,  and  Buddhists  in  Burmah  and 
Japan.  Among  the  people  of  these  divers 
religions  the  Bahai  teaching  does  not  seek 
to  destroy  their  faith  in  the  truths  of  their 
prophets;  instead,  this  movement  seeks  to 
confirm  them  in  the  true  principles  of  the 
religion  which  they  already  hold,  while  the 
universal  application  of  these  principles  of 
religion  as  taught  by  the  Bahais  comes  as  a 
uniting  power  to  draw  all  of  these  different 
religious  elements  into  one  great  harmon- 
ious whole.  The  several  testimonies  of 
world  travelers  who  have  contacted  with 
the  Bahais  in  foreign  lands  assure  us  that 
this  movement  is  embracing  a  multitude  of 
heterogeneous  religious  elements,  and  that 
through  it  already  many  Christians,  Jews, 


46  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD 

Moslems,  Zoroastrians,  Buddhists  and 
Hindus  are  united  in  that  spirit  of  universal 
religious  brotherhood  which  has  been  the 
hope  of  the  prophets  and  religious  seers 
down  through  the  ages. 


Distributed  by 

Bahai  Publishing  Society 

P.  0.  Box  283,  Chicago,  Illinois 


These  books  are  sold  at  a  price 
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The  Mashrak-El-Azkar 

By  Chas.   Mason  Remey. 

Comprising — Quotations  from 
Abdul  Baha's  words — An  his- 
torical sketch  of  the  Bahai 
Movement — A  general  explana- 
tion of  the  Mashrak-Kl-Azkar 
(Bahai  Temple) — A  description 
of  the  Mashrak-El-Azkar  in 
Eshkhabad  in  Russian  Turkistan 
and — An  account  of  the  pre- 
paratory work  for  building  the 
first  Mashrak-E  1  -  A  z  k  a  r  in 
America,  with  descriptions  and 
illustrations  of  an  exhibit  of 
nine  preliminary  designs  for 
this  building,  showing  various 
treatments  in  different  styles  of 
architecture. 

This  book  contains  a  portrait 
of  Abdul  Baha  and  nineteen 
architectural  illustrations. 

A  large  volume,  bound  in  cloth, 
$1.00. 

Postage — additional. 


This  book  weighs  2  pounds.  For 
postage,  see  parcel  post  rate  between 
your  town  and  Chicago. 


Bahai  Teaching. 

By  Chas.  Mason  Remey. 

Containing  quotations  from  the 
Bahai  Sacred  Writings  and  sev- 
eral previously  published  articles 
upon  the  history  and  aims  of  the 
Teaching. 

Bound  in  cloth $  .60 

Postage,  5c  additional. 


Constructive  Principles  of  the 
Bahai  Movement. 
By  Chas.  Mason  Remey. 

A  booklet  containing  a  brief  sum- 
mary of  the  history,  institutions 
and  object  of  the  Cause,  with 
special  emphasis  upon  those  uni- 
versal principles  for  world  prog- 
ress, religious,  social,  and  eco- 
nomic which  are  foremost 
amongst  the  burning  questions 
of  the  day  now  uppermost  in 
the  minds  of  thinkers. 

Bound  in   cloth $  .40 

Postage,  5c  additional. 

Through  Warring  Countries  to 
the  Mountain  of  God. 

By   Chas.   Mason  Remey. 

An  account  of  some  of  the  ex- 
periences of  two  American  Ba- 
nais  in  France,  England,  Ger- 
many, and  other  countries,  on 
their  way  to  visit  Abdul  Baha 
in  the  Holy  Land,  in  the  year 
1914. 

This  book  of  travel  is  in  the 
form  of  a  fac-simile  of  the  au- 
thor's manuscript.  It  contains  a 
hitherto  unpublished  portrait  of 
Abdul  Baha,  with  twenty-eight 
photographic  illustrations  o  f 
groups  of  people  and  places  con- 
nected with  the  Bahai  Cause. 

A    large    volume    bound    in 
cloth    $2.00 

Postage  additional. 


This  book  weighs  2  pounds.  For 
postage,  see  parcel  post  rate  uetween 
your  town  and  Chicago. 

The  Bahai  Movement. 
By    Chas.    Mason    Remey. 

This  book  describes  the  principles 
of  the  Bahai  Movement  and  out- 
lines the  history  of  the  Cause. 

Bound    in    cloth $.50 

Postage  lOc  additional. 


Observations     of    a     Bahai 
Traveler. 

By  Chas.  Mason  Remey. 

Treats  of  travels  among  the 
Bahais  of  the  Orient  and  of  the 
Teachings  from  the  viewpoint  of 
the  various  world  religions;  also 
a  brief  history  of  the  Movement. 
Has  12  illustrations  and  one  map. 

Bound  in   cloth $  .60 

Postage  lOc  additional. 


The  Peace  of  the  World. 
By  Chas.  Mason  Remey. 

A  presentation  of  the  Constructive 
Peace  Tradings  of  the  Bahai  Re- 
ligion. 

Bound  in  cloth $  .75 

Postage,  lOc  additional. 


The  Bahai  Revelation 
and  Reconstruction. 
By  Chas.  Mason  Remey. 

A  brief  history  of  the  Bahai 
Movement  and  an  exposition  of 
some  of  its  most  salient  principles 
with  special  emphaesis  upon  its 
peace  program  and  the  influence  of 
religion  for  the  harmony  and  the 
peace  of  the  nations. 


Contains 
Baha. 


a   portrait    of    Abdul 


Bound  in  cloth $1.00 

Postage,  lOc  additional. 


The  New  Day. 

By  Chas.  Mason  Remey. 

A  brief  statement  of  the  history 
and  teachings  of  the  Bahai  Revel- 
ation. 

A  booklet  bound  in  paper. 

Price $    .15 

6  copies $     .75 

100  copies $12.00 

Postage  2c  per  copy  additional 
and  in  quantities  at  parcel  post  rate. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


UCLA 


RUBRARY  LOAN 


1  "f    1 


NOV23  .ftt?  o 

° 

DEC  23  '66 

RECEIVED 

HP  1  27  '66-1  PM 

LOAN  DEPT 


LD  21A-40m-4/63 
(D6471slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


YB  71627 


416434 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


Copy  No. 
To 


